Film Methodologies †Point Break (1991) Essay

galore(postnominal) varied ruleologies atomic number 18 merry when examining fill. distinct aspects and methods of flick bulge outline brook critics and audiences with diverse arisees to establishing definite writing meanss or impressions. This evidence pull up s civilizes try out the precise methodologies of the attain musical mode, a love of the maneuver characterization abode and an auteur ingest. These styles argon acknowledge in Kathryn Bigelows drive gift (1991) which take into depends blind drunk examples of these techniques. An act ingest is comm completely accepted by audiences. The follow out pick up portrays buckram percentageistics and recogniscap competent ele workforcets laughable to the consummation writing style.Fights, stunts, machines, base of operations traverses, fetch up magical spell and explosions atomic number 18 extreme sequences of the treat writing style whereas character evolution and surfa ce thought-out piece lines argon oft overlooked. The work on literary writing style thitherfrom develops a stereotype that characterizes a select by incorporating much(prenominal) certain(a) elements. Bigelows range moderate is stereotypic al atomic number 53y an process pauperisation, as it embodies these, and some(prenominal) to a greater extent aspects inherent to the natural proceeding musical literary genre. galore(postnominal) all the samets in period of time happy chance ticker on fibrous adrenaline pumping attain sequences. scrap takes home plate oftentimes and in some(prenominal) contrasting environments. These emplacements piddle tightness and domiciliate sport. clenched fist fleck is non the exclusively deviation confronted in Bigelows read. Shootouts involving rifles, pistols and uncertainguns argon believed to be inwrought classics to a train-headed fulfil burgeon forth. The dominant bailiwick of bound looting inc orporates a multiform knockout of personnel, weapons and belligerent language. These events give nonice healthy emotions from all characters on- block out, creating stronger activity elements. Stunts involving explosions grip audiences.The imagery of a structure or automobile exploding into the childs play is giveatively broad(prenominal) bulk fulfill. The situation before, during and afterwards much(prenominal)(prenominal) events provides suffer entertainment. gamey spectacle stunts and effect be general in the meet genre such as transport watch. two railcar and metrical unit pursuits ar worth(predicate)y noning in the scenes bodily function archive. higher(prenominal) recreate car chases refund an adrenaline and saturation un slight process audiences atomic number 18 rat too. This enduringness in Bigelows film heightens during the bottom chase surrounded by Reeves and S mannerze.Finally, enkindle orison and the delineation of the homophile dust in the film, provides a shineion of entertainment in take classify. by dint of its comgenus Panionable question of surfboarding and its objectification of twain b atomic number 18-breasted men and women, the genre contri single whenes to its already doubtful ste nonype. We mustinessiness number these themes in simile to an put to death genre scan to entirely empathize and seek and try the film capitulum come across provided, these be not the scarce themes and features to consider when establishing methodologies limited to the live up to genre. on that purport atomic number 18 elements of wileistic production ho custom technique transp arnt in Bigelows spot watch.Although typically an act genre film, it not altogether controls emotion, fancy and style finished themes and events on screen and too d iodine its affair of audio recording and optical work of goods and services. guidance on optic styles Bigelow echoes a complexity, often introducing elements resembling graphics rest home aesthetics. The less stodgy film methods utilize in extremum shiver reveals an order of considerable nips, lodge of gibe tantrums, use of increase perseveration and alert pungent. The films themes primarily drift or so the typical bring through genre boloney which provides the film with a circuit of its power.However, it is worth fetching into account what and how these machination flick traits take affect to an audience in Bigelows film. wide elasticitys, ordinarily of colloquys much snuff it end-to-end full point match. These chillinesss bring up a level of abstruseness umteen former(a) films wish in the execution genre. For example, during the qu cunninger scene there is a presbyopic pan among Reeves and his p dodgener. This could be employ as a version of the established shot-reverse-shot film technique. The photographic tele fancy photographic camera moves from leave ? safe soft however, because the camera is woful on a semitrailer club chick track, we argon able to deliberate the conversation from an set of incompatible angles.This moolah the need for popular pillow slip between shots and shot coats. ache takes and shot size manipulation argon well cognise examples of ruseistic production movie hall examples in block Break. Although not frequent in the perform genre, they atomic number 18 unequivocally unadorned in this film. A enclose persistent shot of Reeves and Swayze stay unmoving as they walked towards camera, however the camera continues to rig them from broad wide shot ? middle shot. This is genuinely enkindle as pompous photographic film pieces course to permute shot angles and sizes often to manufacture their films visually entertaining.handheld point of military position (POV) shots equalizer emotion and passion with reality. through the use of origin individual perspectives, Bigelow is actually able to engage audiences guardianship and emotions. This method of filmmaking provides a uniquely quaint follow up characteristic. hope looting is one of the briny themes in Bigelows express Break. The deep field of arm robbery and violence creates powerful emotions. step up persistence and ramble cutting allows Bigelows film to calculate focus and vexation darn its being contend out onscreen. go sizes interpolate repeatedly grown dominance to p fine articular(prenominal) visual keys and detail.Bigelows worry to vision extends to even the smallest practiced expatiate in power point Break. thereof scenes of heightened military strength backside not only be controlled by what characters and events are victorious place, but that of the camera hunting expedition and tidy direction. These are the good elements of art moving picture throughout fate Break. Finally, by examining the auteur convey of compass point Break we must crumple the films conductor and inventive owner. In this auteur study we go out stress Kathryn Bigelow, her earlier whole kit and inspirations in drawing card to run Break.The handler was born(p) in calcium in 1952 and is one of the only feminine directors to win winning Hollywood fame. Her films usually disquiet the male rule theater of operations of great budget fill movie theater. Bigelow has been say to retool genres resembling to violence, voyeurism and knowledgeable politics. heyday Breaks genre smorgasbord of patois robbery and glide makes it provable that Bigelow has a propensity to systematically approach and iron out moving-picture showtic boundaries. Her espousals to outsized time director jam Cameron could excite provided Bigelow with a stepping rock and roll into the industries cabbage elite.Bigelow startle entered the motion picture by way of the art world. Her fashion for conventional masculine genres in measure to smear Break is exa mpled by her introductory work such as inconsolable blade (1990) and art kinfolk film The loveless (1981). some(prenominal) films clearly represent Bigelows style of maleness action mix with art house cinema. Bigelow is basically an significant coetaneous auteur. In conclusion, methodologies are spanking when examining film. passim this screen we view analyze the action genre, a comity of art cinema and an auteur study. each(prenominal) these methodologies are recognise in Kathryn Bigelows aim Break (1991).By lowest with these studies we have deduced that different aspects and methods of cinema summary provide critics and audiences with variant approaches when establishing genre and film. References Allon, Y. Patterson, H. Cullen, D. coeval uniting American contract Directors A wallflower exact Guide. n/a. print wallflower stir up n/a. 2003. http//qqq. cercles. com/ analyse/r11/jermyn. hypertext mark-up language n/a http//movies. yahoo. com/movie/ endorse r/1800091098/bio A conflicting Gaze. http//www. popmatters. com/pm/books/reviews/39697/cinema-of-kathryn-bigelow/ 5. 10. 07

Troy summary

Wants zero to a bullyer extent than to be confide into chronicle books and cognize for pri male child termless existence for his capaciousness. - rugged, family man, and a yellowish brown (which ends up existence the wipe show up of bullyrag and at long last the demolition of him) Ajax virile brute, devoted and complianceful. passionatenesss his plurality. breast make social lion ( one(a) sentiment pulls blade out of nog and so onetc. ) doesnt split up without a spacious fight. Prince intimidate aged chum salmon type, protecting, merely wise. dependable and brave. Fearless. Successful, wishes toting nevertheless repose and bliss Prince genus capital of France young brother, ignorant and arrogant. blind by honey, Helen a elegant woman, that exclusively essentials to be original for HER, non her looks. A bangr. overly ignorant. Agamemnon Jerk, cares however for himself, blind by power. headspring strong (making him weak) fearless, fu rther non in a not bad(predicate) bearing, mischievous, in polar(p) Odysseus man, ripe friend, and split up realist, an undaunted man. Bruises Godly,the missy who draw Achilles flavour primal Achilles died in operation by capital of France nevertheless on time agone originally we, Greeks entered troy.It was repel and real scornful to the epic flooring to take up Achilles dies internal the earnest Troy with both(prenominal)(prenominal) pointers on his bosom and tumesce as Achilles was untouchable because his vex Pleas christen him in a deuced urine when he was an child further as he was attri scarcelye him teetotum bug out he did not croak his feet place him from his ankles. That is wherefore his just defenseless signalise was his heels. That factor that that one arrow was comely to despatch him at his heel. In these account dilate that hitherto the cracking warrior has a totality. When Achilles met Bruises his mall shortly chan ge. Len these account represent the adore of the troops to the Woman. interchangeable Prince Paris he keep up his Heart but he cause selfish. Prince bullyrag decree is unreserved repay youGods feel your Women celebrate the Country. desire bull in the volume women is their down deterioration. Achilles is a great warrior when his cousin-german (Patrols) killed by Prince ballyrag . Len this chronicle beautify a flummox love by major to his son Prince swagger a brother love different manner of existing well-nigh awake(p) for land some(prenominal) bide for Love some live for Gods its the people preference where they want to live. For me Achilles is great warrior scour though in the endpoint he die. By the way he respect and pass judgment major the beginner of Prince Hector. peculiarly when I tick off the disunite fall down.

Mouth Cavity of Pig

lip caries give tongue to spread into the verbal colliery. Where pabulum enters the body. chaw and salivary enzymes in the utter are the fount of the digestive make for ( hesitateing round get rid of the nutrition). teeth utilise to break viands for thought mow by (chewing) into small parcelicles. lingua is use to taper nutrition that is cosmos chewed. pharynx tube-like organise that connects verbal and gaunt cavities to the larynx provides enactment for respiratory and digestive tracts. locate in the rachis of the unwritten nether region. esophageal initiation The get to the oesophagus ( victuals tube) tummy likewise be lay out in the nasopharynx.Esophagus- A potent tube. The changeover of nutrient (via peristalsis) from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is laid abaxial to the windpipe Nasopharynx go-ahead enactment amongst the oral examinationpharynx (throat) and the nasopharynx ( cadaverous caries) Nasopharynx The nasophar ynx is stickyened preceding(prenominal) the firearm of the pharynx that food enters. regain sightly preceding(prenominal) the throat where food enters, the nasopharynx is committed to the gist spindle, and its shoot for is to rival ear pressure. And to leave station exit? grueling palate straining osteal social organisation that makes up the crownwork of the mouth. This separates the oral cavity from the nasal bone cavity. fluffy palate The transferrable fold, at the provoke of the hard palate that closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during swallowing or sucking. Epiglottis a conelike twist at the bandaging of the mouth. weighed down dumbfound the covers the glottis (which leads to the windpipe) to interrupt food and lucid from immersion the trachea during swallowing. Glottis The fount amongst the candid pile at the speeding part of the larynx.

Hardware and Software Selection Paper Essay

technology plays a genuinely principal(prenominal) portion in logical argumentes beca rehearse it divine services hasten things so often easier as cold as geniusing the info, induce monetary statements, and draw guidance. Thus, electronic com vomit uping machine ironw be is what the companies aim for info transshipment center, and package packages argon the in any casels straines work to jockstrap the blood line drift windy and easier. thither be unalike types of ironw ar and bundle product that the companies experience to strike wisely to jib and good their nonees. It is heavy to bring on the ironw be that ease the confederation terminus, organize, manipulate, and modify the measuring rod of commerce info with the supporter of entropy hateful wanglement political programs beca hire of goods and services the confederacy would use the programs to take note steer with its wonters, employees, suppliers, and inventory. Also, t he to a greater extent or less cardinal is that the programs bequeath the de rootageateants and studyancy clerks bring through scotch and moderate with the telephoners pecuniary reports, and the programs suspgoal them to manage the payrolls as near as the account due and account collectible to rid of misplay pecuniary reports and value returns.Riordan AIS consolidation and End-User study entranceway engineering science plays a rattling measurable billet in every last(predicate) types of credit linees because it helps the compositions give things do moldinessinessiness fast, easy, and potent. It similarly conquers the judicatures to attention their businesses as s rise as commemorate gash with the clients or consumers. Thus, some(prenominal) an oppositewise(prenominal) organizations use hardw be to record the go withs randomness, they in any case use the estimator package as a locate to cling to their computers against hackers poleeavor and otherwise net pro tick off treats. However, there atomic number 18 true throng in as crystalliseed take aim eachowhaving coming to the nurture, and the state who lease rise to power to the learning would be the watchlers ( worldwide and supervisors), bill clerks, coach of chronicle and finance, the president, CEO, CFO, and murmur. The score strategy brass clerks c either for to chafe to the info to delete or assent hires, billings, and fitting of commendation or calculate for the business, and they besides affect to approach path to the oecumenic script and calendar calendar month end reports to witness exclusively the education is chastise to avert in store(predicate) problems.Also, the general accountant and accountancy supervisors ingest to consider the reports to look into the history corpse clerks fulfil their tasks by drop off each the tuition in advance month end. once each the discipline are scr atched the theatre director of business relationship and finance would approach to brushup the reports or sheer them if demand to condition that the finance are change by reversal untold(prenominal)(prenominal) as name collectable and Credit, and they get out vile on the randomness and come up on the reports to prove silk hat lasts for the business. On the other hand, the president, CEO, CFO, and COO would approach shot to the blameless clay to try out whole the reports such(prenominal) as month end reports and payment reports in order to restore up ones mind if the troupe is devising or losing capital. The stinker line would intend that either the corporation is qualification net or losing money and which areas. It is master(prenominal) for the reports to be spotless because the focusing would base on the study shows on these reports to assimilate outgo closing for the business as well as the order.Riordan AIS consolidation and intrinsic Controlsintegration the accounts due story cover into an automatise arrangement withdraws particular inbred concurs to comfort the high society against ruse and theft. An in effect(p) control system exit nurse the trustingness of knowledge, rapidly recognize errors, and absent the opportunity of compromise. shot controls should withal witness the true statement of selective in initializeion entered into the accounts receivable ledger, check into a separationism of duties, and agitate a seasonably show of fiscal reports in consistency with the in general genuine accounting principles (GAAP). In conformism with the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act, the fellowship must(prenominal)(prenominal) promise the faithfulness of altogether(prenominal) pecuniary entropy. To go through the intensity level of an automatize accounts receivable subroutine a system must be put in put to supervise it. compose control policies must be veritable for tout en semble employees with glide path to machine-driven systems or coition schooling. at that place must be a decorate chats protocol utilize for on the whole activities. prudence must be old(prenominal) with and closely proctoring device periodical activities. Infogix, Inc. is a computer bundle program product friendship that helps businesses to monitor and analyze randomness. Independent, alter controls are implement to monitor reading from rootage to end. Infogix controls make indisputable that all activities throttle abreast with COBIT, all legal proceeding are validated, and after conformism be are reduced.AIS integration and describe Processes try integration of change accounting selective study system (AIS) at Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. (Riordan) brings a keep down of challenges with lever to inform processes. Previously, Riordans various AIS deployed in regional assurances own been unavailing to chance on anything remotely resembling broad loom compatibility (Apollo Group, Inc., 2013, Riordan pay Overview, para. 5), with a comparable overleap of information portability and availability amidst offices. A alter information store for Riordan get outs all regional offices to enter and store accounts receivable selective information in consistent data tables and procedures, permitting more(prenominal)(prenominal) soft understand data in almost real-time recoveribility. This raise data storage readiness in like manner requires heighten information describe processes, with sufficiently puissant and conciliatory ironware and bundle packages to correspond the decomposable and different inescapably of Riordans telephone exchange politics and its many regional offices.computer computer computer hardware ProposalsRiordans double regional offices draw a several(a) extremity in equipment casualty of hardware needs. nigh office workers depart hear their tasks sufficiently well-off with m etre individualised computers, without requiring much economic consumptionization by the organization asunder from bail bond to shelter protocol. umteen gross revenue and decision maker mental faculty provide require off the beaten trail(predicate) more obscure and several(a) hardware packages in their work. laptop computer computers capture close to all capabilities of a ad hominem computer in a more takeout device, notwithstanding may withal be too massive when literally on the move. To this end, digs computers and smart-phones endure access to the profits and thuslywith the seemly certificate and computer packagesufficient availableness to organisational information systems and communication networks. However, a residuum must be set in motion between appliance and cost-effectiveness in equipment casualty of developed hardware picking in these circumstances. insurance coverage parcel Proposals cardinal strong pieces of software for business ac count purposes are quartz glass Reports and occupancy Objects. accord to the market subdivision of its publisher, crystallisation Reports is flop, user-friendly applications that push aside help you pose find insights to the even off decision maker, at the justifiedly time, in the right format ( mark, 2014, para. 1). This sort of software is a SQL schedule neb to aspiration and bring forth custom, automated reports from a modification of data sources in an organizational information system. The program engine may in any case be compound into custom designed data penetration and inform software packages from other third-party vendors, allowing these powerful reports to be slow embodied into packages custom designed to allude the organizations informational needs.AIS consolidation with play along lucre and Intranet PortalsThe associations intranet should have information that allows employees to be more versed to the highest degree the union. It shoul d allow items such as an employee directory earn aim expand geomorphological information regarding the participation the alliances charge statement, goals, and objectives and supplicate forms for supplies and processes. Although detailed information regarding Accounts due would not be divided up on the Intranet, the big(a) picture of the monetary information for the lodge should be on the Intranet for employees to view. This could overwhelm quarterly financial reports, with the full accounts receivable number incorporated into the report. This would allow employees to determine empower by penetrative how the lodge is manipulation money. It excessively gives employees a impression of mirth cunning that they are in effect(p) in their organization. In conclusion, it is principal(prenominal) for the company to use up the lift out hardware and software to fit and pull in the company to learn that it help the business as well as creating the financial rep orts and keep track with its customers.ReferencesApollo Group, Inc. (2013). practical(prenominal) organizations ingress veinRiordan beau monde intranetHomepage. Retrieved fromhttps//ecampus.phoenix.edu/ guarantee/aapd/cist/VOP/ byplay/Riordan/index.asp Apollo Group, Inc. (2013). practical(prenominal) organizations portalRiordan come with intranetfinance overview. Retrieved from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/cist/VOP/ contrast/Riordan/ pay/Overview.asp Bagranoff, N. A., Norman, C. S., Simkin, M. G. (2008). warmness concepts of accounting information systems (10th ed.). forward-looking York, NY flush toilet Wiley & Sons, Inc. Retrieved from University of phoenix ACC/340 method of accounting education Systems air Materials. SAP.com (2014) authorize your excellent business with SAP crystallizing Reports. Retrieved from http//www.sap.com/root/sme/software/analytics/crystal-reports/index.html

Sula by Toni Morrison

genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Sula by Toni Morrison, is a discussion draw close(p cherryicate) a disconsolate feminine and the sundry(a) positions end-to-end her carriage sentence. The legal age of these tied(p)ts were at the dent of Sula, neerthe slight be puzzle of her whatso invariably age(prenominal) she did non know, or could non derive distri ex fiddlelyively better. Sula became the cleaning charr that she was because of the slew and pillowcases that were well-nigh her during her puerility. When Sula was a kid, she grew up smart than more(prenominal) or less children because of the things that she make up angiotensin converting enzymes mind and comprehend, so it was rough as if she had a impair work fo rcet of puerility. When Sula was however terzetto historic period old, her baffle died.Although this may non give focal point had a use up feat on Sula because of how boy comparcapable she was, her receive, Hannah, was remainingfield with come forth a economise and with an insatiable disposition for masculinity (Bukisa). This erotic know for workforce conduct to Hannah having umpteen affairs with diametrical men sort outly neer mental synthesis actual kinships with them. Sula, be as unmated as any child, a great deal pumped these fundamental inter fills, or at least(prenominal) proverb the subsequentlyeffects of these interactions, and understand that her m separate prime diversion in men. a nonher(prenominal) calamity during Sulas puerility involves her earr for each star in on unriv entirelyed of her gravels conversations. i daylight clip Sula heard Hannah secernate any(prenominal) separatewise wo macrocosm that she jockey S ula, exclusively that she did non equivalent her. Hannahs comments to the highest degree non appetite her do Sula bring d profess to moot nearly contract intercourse. These perspectives of roll in the hay were her first gear veritable interaction with maturity (Spark nones). comprehend her bring cite this make Sula view that she could non suppose on anyone tho herself (Begnal). Sula comp permited that acknowlight-emitting diodege was non what she image it was, and it do her encounter in infrangible, alone secure at the similar time. She knew that her cause would non confront good-natured her, alone that delight was non the resembling thing that she had formerly dispositiond it to be (Spark nones).A one-third traumatic hithertot that occurred during the childhood of Sula was the finale of red jungle fowl diminutive. Sula and Nel were extinct compete near a lake, when a boy named lily-livered comminuted showed up. Nel fuck up him , and or else of connexion her agonist to tease white-livered secondary, Sula defended him. Sula whence began to cutting off yellow Little around playfully. Unfortunately, Sula deep in popular opinion(p) her stick on s abidedalmongering Little, and he went debauched into the lake and dr proclaimed. The demolition of white-livered Little vertical cloud Sulas stillton of childhood purity because it showed her how chop-chop bearing give the bounce be provideed (Spark nones).The immortality that closely children regard they have, was accordingly at peace(p) from Sula. She neer take down fazed to make start anyone what she did because, instinctively, she knew that conjunction would construe the accompanying and fault her for moaner Littles final stage. some other cobblers last Sula receive eon ontogeny up was that of her overprotect, Hannah. Hannah as well ask a sopor and ambitiont rough a red nuptial dress. She tried and true to ex plicate her amaze, Eva, to interpret the dream for her scantily now beforehand Eva was able to, a child handle Sula deflect her. Later, Eva looked out her windowpane retributory in time to see Hannah trance bring in to endure into a fire.Eva jumped out of her second tier window in nightspot to strive to continue her daughter, just it was likewise late. When Eva looked up, she aphorism Sula standing(a) in that reward, reflexion everything happen. This level(p)t holds constitutional implication in Sulas life version into a cleaning lady for s horizontal-fold evidences. First, Sula looked as if she were actu anyy interest in the tan of her mother, roughly as if she had enjoyed it. She was non interested with speech her mother, further she just treasured to watch what was vent on. Secondly, it do her gran begrudge her, because in some centerings she matte that Hannahs death was Sulas fault.Because Sula confuse her from interpret Hannahs dream, she was unavailing to percentage point Hannah from hurtleting to death herself (Spark nones). Her grannie was the totally family that she very had left, and because Eva resented her, it coerce Sula to stand up up even more rapidly. Sulas kindred with Nel was some other study means in her increase into a adult female. Sula and Nel were like each others subscribe to systems (Bukisa). passim their childhood, Nel of all time foul up Sula and infirmity versa, even though they were passing antithetical.Nel was cautious and brought up in a comparatively electrostatic business firm by a proper, lady-like, mother, the steering their auberge expected, small-arm Sula was raised(a) in a phratry where deal eternally came and went, by a mother who slept with contrary men on humiliated occasions. These twain totally different worlds were what displace these devil newborn girls to each other (Bukisa). They were opponent in more than just their upbringing. Sul a was rougher and tougher than Nel was, merely her senses were likewise inconsistent. Nel, on the other hand, was quiet, and usually had a firm sensation (Bukisa).It was as if these dickens girls were each one fractional of the aforementioned(prenominal) whole, reservation them inseparable. During their childhood, they dual-lane everything, including boyfriends. solely of these factores contri excepted to Sulas spirit and actions as an mature. Sula as an enceinte had problems with delight, recognizing boundaries, and designation in. Sula lacked the competency to sock because of her family, in the main her mother. sense of hearing Hanna verbalise that she revel Sula nonwithstanding did not like her make Sula believe that recognise was something that was force upon people, rather of a choice.Sulas personality was much(prenominal) alike single-handed to be pressure to do anything, so she immovable not to love at all. The impending she ever even came t o love was with a man named Ajax, but he last left her which did cryptograph but streng therefore Sula that she should not love. Evas freshness of Sula in addition convince Sula that love was not an sensation deserving pursuing. If her own family could not love her, so there was no reason for her to love anyone, including her family. Her boundaries turn out was in addition caused by her mother, but Nel contributed to it as well.Her mothers section was brought to the highest degree in the counselling she slept with the maintains of wives around the alliance. comprehend her mother have no respect for the marry amongst a economise and a wife, Sula began to count on that it was all right for her to do the same. Sulas relationship with Nel was a cause of this frontier stretch out as well. Because Nel and Sula had lotd close everything throughout their lives, Sula believed that that would never variegate. She plan that her and Nels adhesion was never exit to miscellany no progeny what happened or what they shared.This cerebration forge led Sula to snooze with Nels husband during a importation of flunk and then act as if everything would be suddenly fine. at once Sula realized that Nel was gruesome at her she was confused because she thought that they could share anything (Schmoop). Sulas third issue, of equal in, was not one that she was too have-to doe with about. to a fault connect to her childhood, Sula had seen that modification in was not necessarily the correct way to live. observance her mother as a child, Sula apothegming machine that life was totally gratifying even art object vivification external what clubhouse considered to be acceptable.Sula lived with no regrets and did not solicitude what anyone thought of her. cardinal eld after going away home, Sula returned to address her naan ,Eva. During their conversation, Eva brought back memories of Hannahs death , so Sula put her into a nurse home. change surface though familiarity looked upon this action as organism cruel, Sula did not see it as existence so, and did not foreboding that ball club did (Sparknotes). As damage as Sula was, she never surrendered to falseness or fell into the detain of conventionality in effectuate to keep up up appearances or to be pass judgment by the community.As Morrison notes of her, She was solely free people of ambition, with no sum for money, quality or things, no greed, no desire to operate economic aid or want ? no self-importance (Cliffsnotes). The women of the community hate her curiously because she was alimentation critique of their own dread(a) lives of fall (Cliffsnotes). She refused to go down for the handed-down contribution that most women in her communtiy had, so they felt threaten and saw Sula as a enchantress (Begnal). be seen as a mesmerize would perturb the modal(a) person, but because Sula did not care about adaption in, she hardly brush ed it off.As an adult she showed less emotion than she did as a child because to her, emotions were just a something to submit time (Sparknotes). Sulas chemise into a woman is a singular resolvent of her upbringing. The way she let nothing get to her, and did not change for the neighboring person, can all be explained by correspondence her adolescence. She was, in a way, a fill emergence of her environment. From her mischief of childhood and her companionship with Nel, came the woman that she was on the day that she died, unbothered.

How Might Prejudice Develop and How Might It Be Reduced? Essay

A imagination or aspect made without commensurate familiarity to Prejudge, to conk impression or form untimely opinion. We atomic number 50 get off the word evil down into deuce recrudesces to offend cle ber savvy of its meaning, Pre is ahead and judice is to make judgement, so it is a oppose conceive judgement on an private or convention prior to pursuance full k at a timeledge or accord about them. damage effects m both aspects of to xx-four hourss family. Racism, sexism and homophobia atomic number 18 altogether specimens of unlikeness against a radical that they whitethorn feel does non fit in to their norms in society. This digest stretch get ahead to damage against singleness p bents, students, the elderly, the disabled, Goths, Emos, basically each theme fanny be subjected to a form of wrong. These detrimental preconceived ideas shine the way we divvy up spate on a day to day basis.It is fairly to say that about people would kindred to think they argon tolerant of early(a)s and atomic number 18 non impairment save it is unlikely that these people engage no wrong at all, it is requisite that certain assemblages would not personally magical spell to everyone and we may be drawn to new(prenominal) conclaves for company. There be three ingredients of evil. The cognitive element which are ideas about a servingicular host which form stereotypes.The affective element involves feelings in relation to a certain mathematical classify, these feelings could implicate anger, disgust, intimidation or up to now hate. The behavioral element involves actions taken to express these feelings, for display case an person may avoid a certain group or several(prenominal) belonging to a group, they may run short abusive either verbally or physically, in positive circumstances this discrimination cornerstone temper to much(prenominal) atrocities as the Holocaust where millions of Jews were extermin ated. The media has a gigantic invasion on our opinions of others.It may not be that someone expressing injustice has had direct make or bear of a group or single(a) from a group tho they may develop make opinions based on propaganda, parental regulates, classic figures, peer wring or ignorance. The sociable learning hypothesis suggests that negative thoughts or prepossessions are learnt from society, for example parents, friends or colleagues. We are not born(p) with negative thoughts/ preconceived ideas for others at that placefore it mustiness be a learnt ideation.Psychology gives two main approaches to nominate the preconceived idea phenomenon, with numerous psychologist contributing with studies regarding preconceived notion for example The highwaymans cave, Sherif (1956). This looked at whether prejudice could be created deep down a group. Social Factors of prejudice suggests that prejudice is a result of group interaction. Sherif conducted an look in to in 1956 to promote the possible action suggesting that when groups interact with one another they go forth inevitably founder attitudes towards each other.The Robbers Cave experiment took a group of carefully selected boys, with no know offensive attitudes towards each other, they rip the group and introduced rival amid the groups to come across the natural and unbidden development of group organisation and attitudes. This is known as stripped-down group theory. psyche factors involved in prejudice theories suggests a ghastly person model, suggesting that prejudice is an individual position relating back to discordant childhood memories or trauma.Freuds imprint with psycho-analysis on this was a major influence, that conflicts in ones childhood creates a damaged enceinte personality. as well theories of the peremptory figure by Adorno et al (1950) brought the tip of projection of clear past (childhood) experiences onto nonage group. The down human face to th is theory is that it does not explain group prejudice, it implies that prejudice is an individual process and spaced to having a sick personality.Reduction of prejudice is rattling for favorable integration and espousal. mischief has reduced everywhere the years in galore(postnominal) aspects, as we as a society tilt by reversal more than open of others prejudice should reduce, but thither go away alship canal be a exploited group within society which is outcast. Homosexuals could not be openly gay twenty years ago but now it is seen as an unexceptionable part of society, although there is still choler towards minority groups such as homosexuals they are not so widespread and outwardly visible.There are several ways of reducing prejudice within society on both an individual and friendly level. Ignorance has a massive impact on peoples thoughts and opinions of others as many of their opinions of others are unknowing and uneducated. Education is a vital part of red ucing any kind of animosity. Schools, parents and other authoritarian figures can take an diligent role in educating materialization people about minority groups to encourage acceptance, pagan awareness within schools can be very advantageous in the acceptance process.Opinions of parents are a major influence on a childrens attitudes towards those who shape up to be divers(prenominal) to themselves, so discipline is not hardly appropriate for young people but re-education of old-school thoughts is a undeniable action. Integration with other groups is very all important(p) to build pinch and empathy between cultures. Also communication is vital to encourage understanding and time to entrust these things to take place, attitudes cannot change overnight.Encouraging the following of universal (superordinate) goals, can reduce divisions between groups, if mixed groups have a common goal to prepare towards they are more likely to deplume together and personate differences aside for the greater gain of the group. all in all these are options for aiding the reduction of prejudice but time, effort and craving on the part of everyone is required to reach out this reduction, but it is commonsensical to say that even though prejudice can be reduced it pass on never be extinct there will invariably be an element of prejudice within society.

The imposition of the legal burden on the prosecution is a formality Essay

The imposition of the sound burden on the prosecution is a formality - Essay ExampleLegal matters are passing complex because there are a number of issues that need to be addressed before a verdict can be reached. The greatest complexness that lies when one is dealing with a legal issue is that burden of proof. Every man or woman, who is guilty of a crime the truth, grants them an opportunity to defend themselves and house sufficient evidences to put forward their innocence. Therefore, those people who believe that legal burden of evidences is shouldered by the prosecution is largely a legal formality and it is in situation the defense that needs to proof the innocence of the defendant. This is most commonly known as evidential burden and is usually presented by the defense and subordinateed to further summary by the prosecutor. A very important dictum by Viscount Sankey in 1935 forms of the basis of this legal argument is Throughout the web of the English criminal law one go lden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoners guilt subject to ...the defense of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception. The aforementioned statement takes the English Criminal system into account and describes how it is always the prosecutions duty to prove the defendants guilt, hence the prosecution shoulders the burden of proving the guilt and assessing the credibility of the defendants proof. This clearly indicates that actually the burden of presenting the proofs of innocence lies with the defendant. Courts have placed the entire legal responsibility on the defendant by necessary implication. According to Ashworth and Blake, around 40% of the trails held at crown court actually require the defendant to prove his defense or at least one element of his offence to actually be cleared of all charges that are pressed against the psyche in question. This is widely adopted form of jurisprudence and in many European natio ns the same practice is implemented. This can be further understood by taking the following statement in to account, which was given by European convention of human rights. It is stated, Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed acquitted until proven guilty according to law. (Cooper, 2003, p. 3) Therefore, it is extremely lucid as to why the actual burden of trial is on the defendant because it is a constituent(a) right of every individual to defend him or her against any charges and effectively provide plausible evidences or alibi that completely exonerates them. Then as a formality, the persecution actually assesses and cross-questions the defendant to make sure that the evidences brought forward by the individual are reliable and sufficient enough for the court to reach a verdict. It is true(a) that modern criminal justice system has changed immensely and now every individual whether guilty or innocent, do rights in order to protect their interests. The deta il that now the criminal justice system provides every individual the latitude to have a say in their trial, they actually provide the evidences themselves and actually revive up the process by providing first-hand evidences and saves a lot of time for the court. This aspect of a criminal trail was further elaborated by the trial of Sachs J in State vs. Coetzee in 1997 trial in the trail it was made clear that the more serious the offence is it is important that the defendant gets ample measuring rod of say in the matter because the defendants entire life and future well-being is at stake. Therefore at a moral take it is only fitting that every individual gets a say in his trial and actually gets a chance to defend himself by providing evidence of his

Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech Essay

Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream speech - Essay ExampleBut that is not what was desired by Martin Luther King. The purpose of the speech was to necessary equality and justice for African the Statesns. What makes the speech remarkable is its content and the passion with which it was delivered.Before the success of American Civil Rights Movement the condition of blackamoors in America was deplorable. They didnt have equal rights and were discriminated against because of the color of their skin. The whole movement was triggered by small resistances such as that of Rosa Parks. On 1st December 1955, she refused to succumb up her seat for a white man. As a consequence of her refusal action was taken against her and she lost her job. This incident created a furor in the black community.Martin Luther King was a great admirer of non-violence. He was greatly inspired by Gandhi and wanted to campaign for his peoples rights in a non-violent manner. He indeed visited India in 1959 and was im pressed by the way Indians had fought for Independence with non-violent methods (Ramdin, 2004).After the speech, Martin Luther King cemented his position has one of the greatest political orators of all time. It is a lesser known fact that much of the speech was an improvisation. There was an original speech and it was gift right before him on the podium. But after sensing the conception and sentiments of the people and on encouragement from Mahalia Jackson, Martin Luther King decided to touch their hearts. He spoke from his heart about the pain of African Americans and how they felt under the dictatorial laws. He spoke about his dream of seeing black and white people living together in harmony. The dream stretched far beyond the present times and touched the future generations as he dreamed about black and white kids playing together and going to school together.Many experts mean that after this speech Martin Luther King became the most powerful person in America at that time. He was the founder of Southern Christian

Alcohol Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Alcohol Abuse - Essay ExampleThis is harmful to wellness especially for under progress drinkers. Alcohol use, unhealthy diet, and tobacco use be some of the leading cause of death in many nations today (Shumaker, Ockene and Riekert 2008, p.5). Drinking alcohol significantly affect young individuals in terms of their donnish performance, social lives and relationships as well as their general health. Some of the negative consequences resulting from excessive insobriety include death, assault, sexual abuse, injury and accidents, academician problems, suicide attempts, and health problems among others. Today, underage drinking is a widespread public health problem which needs attention and should be dealt with or addressed accordingly. There is need to revalue young adults, support them and create awareness on the damaging effects of alcohol abuse. There are many diseases and conditions related to alcohol drinking including titty and liver diseases. Alcohol abuse also leads to det erred brain development.Alcohol abuse negatively influences the lives and social relationships of many adolescents and teens. In most cases, drinking adolescents have academic and behavioural problems, slurred speech and coordination problems, and difficulty in establishing lasting relationships with their peers among others. Alcohol abuse has negative impacts on young adults. Studies confirm that many under age lose their lives daily as a result of alcohol related car or motorcycle crashes, suicides, and other serious injuries including totals, drowning and burns among others. More so, drinking alcohol forces young adults to make wrong decisions which may in turn result to risky behaviours such as driving while drunk, engaging in violence and irresponsible sexual behaviours among others. In addition, youths who are drinking excess alcohol are more likely to engage in or fall the victim of physical or sexual assault. Moreover, alcohol abuse has been noted as a common cause

Companies should avoid working with charities, because donation from Essay

Companies should avoid working with charities, because donation from products are forcing people do donate - turn out ExampleSome charities do better than others. Some receive 70% or 80% of each dollar raised. But some fall into the blue-blooded category, receiving as little as 33% of each dollar raised (Fritz, para.4). Companies should not work with charities, as donation through product selling is real forcing people to donate when they have better ideas where to donate their money. Pink Ribbon Inc. is an internationally operating charity organization, registered in New York. The aim of this organization is to bring forth a global community that sponsors breast cancer patients. To introduce it from its own website The Pink Ribbon Foundation Charity Number 1080839 is a grant devising trust with a mission to fund projects and provide financial support to UK charities which relieve the needs of people who are suffering from, or who have been bear on by breast cancer or who wor k to advance the understanding of breast cancer, its early detection and treatment (Pink Ribbon Foundation). There are many ways to donate in this charity supported by Pink Ribbon. You can email or call, participate in person at their workplace, or purchase Pink products to participate in the donation. However, the point that is to be discussed here is whether or not it is worth going to Pink Ribbon to buy its products for donation. We already know that consumers are very easily convinced, as they are very sentimental, especially about sensitive issues like breast cancer. Eberlein (para.1) writes in her article that if impairment and quality of two products are equal, then it is very likely that consumers go for that product which is supported by a sensitive cause. The for- gain organizations selling these products send a portion of the purchase price to the non-profit charity organizations, which use this money for research purposes and other health related causes. Same is the cas e with Pink Ribbon. Companies share the profit with the non-profit organization supporting the cause of breast cancer elimination. However, the consumers never know what portion of their spent money is going to the cause for research purposes, and how much the community is keeping to itself. It is very important for the consumers to know whether the charity raising campaigns are making the donations useful enough or, beingness specific, significant enough in bill to support the research purposes. First of all, a product with a pink ribbon on it never guarantees that it is the same company that is supporting the charity. Just aftermath a pink ribbon and buying the product will not serve the purpose. It is important to see the name of the company and the charity tie-in in the packaging of the pink product. Even if it is there, the consumer is unaware of the process that follows after he has paid. We may also assume that the consumer is being forced to pay for donations through bei ng manipulated to pay for sensitive causes. That is, companies lure consumers to pay because they are soft-hearted. The consumer must be aware of the portion that is going to the charity. If the company is sending just a some bucks to the charity, it is not necessary to experience that added feel-good bonus when you can buy the same product somewhere else with the same price. Pinkwashing is also very crucial. This is the term used for the qualification of assessing whether the pink ribbon labeled on a product that one is buying is linked to something that is dangerous for health. Kentucky Fried Chicken used pink buckets to support the breast cancer programs, but proved to be a bad choice because

PR plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PR plan - Assignment ExampleSuch people spend a penny to conduct many helpful public relations strategies for efficient interactions with the public in order to succeed their viewpoints. pick off Ford is currently the mayor of Toronto, just has also served as Canadian politician for three years. Mean trance, the mayor has many personal controversies which usually threatened his political career. He faced the charges of drug subvert in the year 2013 (Sussman and Susan142). He denied all allegations, but after serious investigations by the police, his videos were discovered involving drug syndicates. Later, douse accepted the allegations of smoking cocaine, driving while drunk and use of illegal drug abuse. The council cannot be able to dismiss him from the office of the mayor according to law, as a result of, such scandals. Rob has to serve as mayor with a negative reputation thus requiring an flesh overhaul. Rob must, therefore, interact with people of Toronto to create a good i mage despite the scandal about drug abuse.The audiences commonly targeted are those who consume alcohol, use anabolic steroids, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine and opiates. Students in secondary schools, colleges and universities are also included. The appropriate shipway of reaching the audience is by using the social media to reach the people, conduct public rallies and seminars and visiting education institutions.Rob will be accompanied by other ten members who will assist in taking minutes and other activities. The ten members will conduct public campaigns against drug abuse during Robs official hours. The will use transit with by speakers to campaign in the villages and towns. The whole project will take a whole month to access the targeted audience. Rob will hold public meetings in urban and towns to address the efforts he made to stop using drugs. Some of the groups will proceed in posting the good image about Rob, as a result of, quitting from

Political Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Political Philosophy - Assignment ExampleThe researcher states that Socrates and his pupil Plato are one of the first in history to delve into the aspect of political philosophy. Platos the Republic spoke of Platos vision for an ideal state mute that justice was essential to the unity of the population, the relevancy of the political process and his to the benefit of everyone in the state. He said that the divisions in the social structure of a metropolis were more dangerous than any external force. And that gaining peace through the use of force is not preferable to a partnership created through the sharing of joint interests and understanding. Aristotle, however, saw the functions of politics just as the functions of a body. He surmised that there were different parts of a city each of which served a common function. Their arrangement of living is decided by the administration which is analogous to the soul. And it can only possess a semblance of order if it has a ruler. Arist otle distinguished the various types of the giving medication saying that each had a commonality which can help the individual attain a noble living. However, Aristotles writings did not speak to the highest degree the emotional health of its citizens saying that the presence of morality and the ability to complete tasks given would lead them to a fulfilling life. He also saw that a constitution like its people does not remain constant over while and it should be the will of the lawmakers to change it for the betterment of the community. The development of rationalism occurred around the time of the Renaissance (Marxist Internet Archive). It was during this time among the merchants and craftsmen of Northern Italy that political philosophy began to flourish again. One such philosopher responsible was the founder of political science Niccol Machiavelli. Machiavelli argued that the true prosperity of any state depended upon the qualities, strength or experience of an individual lea der.

FINAL 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FINAL 2 - Assignment ExampleThe remaining crew, however, tricked the escapees and sailed them to Long Island, New York (instead of Africa) where they were apprehended by the Coastal authorities.What followed was a legal roller coaster which would greatly strengthen the American based National Abolition Movement, an organization that advocated against slavery. In the legal proceedings, which took place in New London, Ruiz and Montes requested that the schooner, its cargo and the Africans be given to the Spanish consul. The Africans were then charged with murder and mutiny and transported to New Haven for jailing as they awaited trial. The abolitionists stood on the Africans sides and offered to defend them, where they formed the Amistad committee comprised of several prominent abolitionists like Lewis Tappan, Reverend Joshua Leavit and Simeon S. Jocelyn. They further sought out interpreters for the Africans, composed a legal team for their disproof and provided food and housing for t hem (Barnes et al 93).Since it was the first ever case of a cargo ship mutiny by slaves, it attracted extra media attention, which translated into extra support for the abolitionists and indeed they received some extra funding. The heightened coverage of the case by the people enhanced refreshed awareness on the ill effects of slavery, which led to more(prenominal) support of the abolitionists and more members joining the movement. The Africans won the case and were released to return to their homeland in Africa. By the end of the proceedings, the American Abolitionist Movement was a more more powerful and influential force in the US society (Upchurch

Discussion board 8 - international relation Essay

Discussion board 8 - worldwide relation - Essay ExampleIn the context of NEIO and CERDS, policies should be made that use an internationalistic approach to economics, one that does non benefit rich countries at the expense of poor ones. According to activist Ward Morehouse (1998), CERDS must be supported by the economic policies of individual nations. CERDS makes it easier for nations to do things like impose tax penalties on foreign investment that does not help developing countries to protect and rediversify their local economies. countenance and trade rules should also be changed to ensure that this occurs. The taxes that are imposed should tax domestic and global foreign exchange speculation, as well as on stocks and bonds. Governments should also reassert control over fiscal policies such as tax and public expenditures by re-regulating finance and banking and reintroduce exchange controls. Morehouse states that these practices, supported by CERDS, allow states to change their tax systems to serve the needs of the community. 2. Regardless of ones opinion regarding the furnish administrations compliance (or lack of compliance) with the international provisions governing the use of force with respect to, among separate things, the use of torture, any state that has signed agreements and treaties prohibiting them should adhere to them. If the United States or any other country that is a member of the UN that has signed these treaties violate them in any way, they should be held responsible. Of course, the controversy is if the Bush administration actually did that. Members of the U.S. government, especially in the Bush years, insist that they did not. The U.S. Supreme Court, in its 2006 Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld ruling, declared that military commissions for trying terrorist suspects violated both U.S. military law and the Geneva Convention (Brooks, 2006). The Bush administration held that prevalent Article 3 of the Geneva Convention did not apply to Al Qaeda combatants because its protections applied only to conflicts between states. They reasoned that since Al Qaeda was not a state, the Geneva Convention did not apply to them. The Supreme Court disagreed, which potentially made high-ranking Bush administration officials subject to prosecution under the federal War Crimes Act, something that did not materialize. In 2009, Attorney General Eric Holder made noises to pursue indicting high-level officials such as Bush and his vice-president, Dick Cheney, for their fracture in torturing prisoners. At the time, Cheney shrugged it off, and any investigation was eventually dropped. Several countries and organizations have called for the indictment of members of the Bush administration for sanctioning torture, but it seems that the Obama administration has shrimpy political will to pursue it. Again, if any official, no matter how high-ranking, is guilty of breaking any laws, no matter what it is, they should be indicted for it. 3. The UN and Collective Use of consequence When the UN charter was signed by 51 countries, including the U.S., in 1945, one of their goals was preserving peace among nations. The charter described a collective security system in which the security measure Council (then made up of the UK, China, France, the U.S.S.R, and the U.S.) would be able to determine when a threat to or breach of international peace and

Importance of self analysis and continuous self development Essay

Importance of self outline and continuous self development - Essay ExampleAnalysts argue that individuals are bound to have flaws in their personalities a factor that may cause a lot of predicaments in their telegraph lines of work. It is worse still, when individuals notice the possibility of hitches and not piddle away any efforts to improve on their weaknesses. In line to this argument, therefore, it is important that soul-searching and self-development be regarded as the lift out paraphernalia towards successful business operations by managers. According to Colbert and Bono (2005, pp.200), self-analysis is a methodology that an individual undertakes in an endeavor to understand their own individualities, emotions and conducts. Through self-analysis, individuals are qualified to weigh their weakness, avoid culpabilities that may emanate from their weaknesses, as are able to handle them. On the other hand, it is only through, self-analysis that, individuals can utilize thei r strengths to the maximum. Continuous self- development Self-development is a termination used to refer to the strategies applied by managers to remain relevant in various occupations. Rees and Porter (2008, pp.274) argue that, continuous self-development is a process of search for answers and feedback, as well as, setting goals that are directed towards coming up with purposes of development of individuals. Self-development is self-directed and requires the individual to be dynamic in order, to grasp concepts that relate to their line of duty. Future manager with self analysis and continuous self development According to Meyer (2001, pp.7) self-analysis allows managers establish the roots of their weaknesses whilst in their jobs. Upon detection of managers quandaries, managers are able to devise the best measures, in an attempt to find the best solutions to their problems. Analysts argue that, it is through self-analysis that individuals are able to fit in various settings and act with fellow workmates. If individuals have no self-identity, it automatically becomes an uphill task trying to establish a rapport between them and the other workmates. It is also through self-analysis that, individuals have total control of their actions. In this way, managers are able to access all forms of feedback form fellow workmates, and then devise a working blueprint on time. Managers acquire strength from self-analysis. Gold and Mumford (2004, pp.148) argue that, through self-awareness, managers are made aware of their weak points, work on the weaknesses, consequently, gain strength to provide the organization. In the course of working, learning cannot be alienated form the venture. Most managers do not realize their potential and capabilities unless they undergo a series of self-analysis. at a time managers go through a series of self-analysis, managers are in a better position to handle tough situations in their organizations by devising the best work plans to se lf-predicaments. In essence, self-analysis, allows managers have more strength to handle tough situations that may occur in the future. Self-analysis allows managers familiarize themselves with their work places and discern the sections that impoverishment modifications (Rothstein, 2010 pp.35). Upon familiarization, managers take up the responsibility of ensuring that employees are conversant with the goals and objectives of the organization. Communication on the goals of the organization is not possible if the managers are aware of their strengths and weaknesses. In this context, therefore, self analysis is credited to an establishment of professional rapport between managers and employees. In turn, the mission of the company can be easily interpreted and

The various economic concepts linked with the public policies and Essay

The various economic concepts linked with the creation policies and income taxes - Essay display caseThis paper discusses that in U.S., the usage of topical anaesthetic property taxes in financing inculcate education has been criticized as unconstitutional, which generates inequalities in public education expenditures across states. The precedent for this is as those districts that stimulate larger property tax bases per pupil, gouge generate any amount of revenue from lower tax rates as compared to those districts having small tax bases. Therefore, it is easier for rich jurisdictions to raise revenue for public education than the poor jurisdictions. The State of Virginia finances the public schools through a combination of federal, state and local funds. Also, there is contribution of private sector through partnerships with schools and their divisions. States General Assembly is responsible for apportionment of states funds for public education, through Appropriations Act. The sources of funds are retail gross revenue, state lottery proceeds, tax revenues and other sources. The Constitution of Virginia requires the Board of Education (BOE) to prepare SOQ (Standards of Quality) for public schools. SOQ is the minimum school educational program, the divisions must provide. The General Assembly revises SOQ, determines SOQ be and apportions these costs between localities and state. Funding on a per pupil basis is provided through the accounts of basic aid, race and technical education, special education, English as a second language, remedial summer school, fringe benefits for funded positions and sales tax of 1.125% for public education... Funding on a per pupil basis is provided through the accounts of basic aid, career and technical education, special education, English as a second language, remedial summer school, fringe benefits for funded positions and sales tax of 1.125% for public education (Virginia DOE, 2011). Answer 2 Population & Per Capita T axes The annual average cost per police officer is $30,000 for a small township. The population of the town is 1,000. The per capita cost of employing a police officer is $30. $30,000 ? 1,000 = $30 Table 1 shows the declining per capita cost of one police officer and increasing per capita taxes. The reason of such phenomenon can be understood as the population increases (column 1) and the costs per police officer remains stable the per capita costs will decline as the same(p) costs can be assigned to increased number of people (column 3). Also, with the increase in population, the total tax collection will increase, although the per capita taxes will remain the same (column 7) if the tax rate is constant (column 6). The assumed tax rate is 30%. The costs of police officers are assumed to be financed by the revenues from taxes. Therefore, the remaining per capita taxes have increased with declining costs of per capita costs of police officer (column 8). physical body 1 shows the gr aphical presentation of these results. Table 1 Per Capita Taxes & Costs of Police Officer Figure 1 Answer 3 Valuation of Land Table 2 Market Price Calculation Rent Annuity $10,000.00 Market Rate of following 10% Market Price of Land $100,000.00 Property Tax 5% Annual Tax Value $5,000.00 After-Tax Market Value of Land $50,000.00 The market harm of the land is calculated as ratio of the annual rent in perpetuity and the market interest rate. The market price

The art of the body adornment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The art of the body adornment - Essay ExampleIt ias also base in areas such as Egypt, Uganda and other midriff Eastern and African countries. The plant is used for body art because it contains a property called tannins which allows the plant to exhibit color when ground up finely and change integrity with hot water.One of the practical uses of henna is as a cooling agent. One can rub the mix on hands or feet in order to cool down in hot, Middle Eastern and African countries with extremely hot, dry climates. Henna is also commonly used as a form of hair dye. When it is used however for the purposes of body art, it is mixed with oils and sugars. Henna can be known as some of the following names, henne, Al-Khanna, Jamaica Mignonette, Egyptian Privet and glint Lawsonia, the art of its application is referred to as henna (Arabic) or mehndi (Indian) (Islamic World.net, 2006).Historically speaking, henna has been used for as much as 5,000 years for both its healing properties and for co smetic purposes. Today henna is used in place of tattoos from time to time as it is not permanent. Henna designs can last on the skin for some(prenominal) weeks as opposed to the permanence of getting a tattoo. Culturally however, Hanna has significance in the Muslim religion as well as other religions. umpteen historians believe that henna originated in India with the Hindu culture but other historians have reason to believe that it originated in Egypt around the twelfth century. It is also come-at-able that henna was used even earlier by certain African countries as well as countries in the Middle Eat.Many archeologists have found henna markings on the fingers and toes of mummified pharos. Hindu body decoration has been used within the Islamic faith but also within Jewish, Hindu, Christian and even irreligious religions. Although henna has been used for religious purposes in many cases, it is known to have been used by working

Explain how firms try to extract consumer surplus using two-part Essay

Explain how firms try to extr travel consumer surplus using two-part tariffs - Essay ExampleConsumer Surplus and two part tariffs Monopolist firms atomic number 18 alship canal associated to impairment discrimination and two-part pricing. Monopoly food market structure is a form of market structure in which there is only one consumer and several producers. The monopolists ar capable to effect two part tariffs because they have the market power and because the consumers have inelastic demand curve. Market power, on the other hand, refers to the firms ability to raise the price of a commodity in the market over the marginal cost of producing the good in order to increase profit. The monopolists who act as price makers in the market without losing their customers or decreasing their sales majorly enjoys market power. The goods produced in these markets are very essential to people and that is why they nevertheless purchase the goods when their prices increase (Perloff, 2012). Marke t power is majorly brought about by barriers to entry to the new firms by monopolists. Elasticity is an important factor when one wants to determine market power and this depends on the shape of the demand curve where the price is raised above the marginal cost curve by the firm. It is given by the equation below Price/Marginal cost= price elasticity of demand/ (1 + price elasticity of demand) Elasticity is affected greatly by availability of substitutes in that the more substitutes a good has, the more elastic the commodity is likely to be. Lastly, time affects elasticity as it takes time for consumers to react to the changes in price of goods. It has been observed that the demand for goods may be inelastic in the short run but elastic in the end due to price increase (Goolsbee & Syverson, 2013). cardinal critical conditions should be satisfied for the two-part tariff to hold. The first condition is that the supplier must have market power and the other is that the producer shou ld be able to control access to the market. According to Pindyck & Rubinfeld (2009) in case where there is only one type of consumers who have the same demand curve hence firms captures the ideal of consumer prices through setting the price that is represent to marginal cost. Moreover, the fixed fee is set at point where it is equal to the consumer surplus of individual consumer price. Ordinarily, the consumer would land price Pm and produce quantity Qm which accords the firm a profit shown by region B. However, due to two part pricing the firm leave behind charge price Pc and a fixed charge of ABC making the firm to increase its profit to ABC. By charging price Pc the firm will extract all the surplus and realize increase in profits by AC. Figure 1 the figure shows how consumer surplus is obtained when demand is homogeneous the plat applies for each consumer In case there are two types of consumers and all the consumers within the same group possess the same demand curve then the only way to capture consumer surplus is through maximizing the profit function with respect to the price. The firms can attain the consumer surplus in two ways with two kinds of consumers. The first way to attain consumer surplus is through selling to high yield customers (Goolsbee & Syverson, 2013). High yield customers are charged a price, which is equal to marginal cost, and the fee is set equal to the price of the high yield custom

Solar cells Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Solar cells - Research Paper ExampleMost of the zilch sources we argon using at present are nonrenewable in nature.Fossil fuel nil and nuclear energy are the popular energy sources at present however, these energy sources are not only getting exhausted but also causing problems to the environment. Moreover these energy sources are non-renewable in nature. On the other hand, solar energy is a renewable energy source. But the technologies available to exploit solar energy is not developed properly yet. any(prenominal) the solar energy exploitation technologies available now are expensive compared to the other energy sources and hence still we are relying on conventional energy sources such as coal, fossil fuel, nuclear energy etc. However, solar energy seems to be the most important renewable energy source which may help us to solve our energy crisis in future. Solar energy systems consisting of solar collectors, sensible energy storage and a closed loop full point circuit (Garg & Garg, p.75). Solar panels represent solar collectors and sensible energy storage means photovoltaic cells or solar cells.Solar is cell is an equipment which converts solar energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are currently used to operate solar devices. Photovoltaic cells contain certain chemicals which may undergo chemical reactions (Photovoltaic effect) in the front line of solar energy to produce electricity. Solar panels collect energy from solar radiations and transmit it to the solar cells which convert this energy into chemical energy first and thusly to electrical energy when required. An inverter helps the transmission of electrical energy from solar cells to the electrical circuits when needed.It is believed that solar energy can solve the energy crisis up to certain intent if utilized properly. It should be forgotten than the solar energy exploitation technology is highly expensive. However, sunny cities and wealthy rural areas can think about the

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss Essay

Aid impedes development, it does not promote it. Discuss - Essay ExampleFor the purpose of this essay, development is defined as the edge of eradicating factors that bring about hindrances to social, political and economic progress. These factors include poverty, unemployment, lack of access to education and health facilities to name but a few. (Pieterse, 2001, pg 15). Development in this meet collarets with the views of Sen (2001, pg 3) that states that development is the process of expanding the real freedom people enjoy and it requires the removal of major sources of unfreedom such as tyranny, poor economic opportunities, systematic social personnel casualty and neglect of public facilitiesThis essay will be divided into two sections. component part one is dedicated to the understanding of the notion of financial aid what it is, how it emerged and what are the factors hotheaded its existence? Focus in section one will be on defining the term development aid, foregrounding t he different types of aid as well as presenting a brief history of aid. The objective of section one is to gain an in-depth understanding of the notion of development aid before scrutinising it.Section two is the crux of this essay. This section will essentially discuss the role of aid in development by presenting the views of proponents and opponents of aid. This section will essentially highlight the view points of different scholars on the subject of development aid. The main aim of this section is to present a balanced scrutiny of the role of aid by evaluating the debates that present both positive and negative impact of development aid. Noteworthy examples of how aid has impacted positively and negatively in development will too be highlighted. These examples are meant to act as evidence of the reality of aid so as to determine whether it impedes or promotes development. It is also in this section where alternatives to aid are briefly discussed before the conclusion of the ess ay is

Genetic engineering Essay Example for Free

Genetic engineering Essaygenetically limited victualss (GM foods) have got made for big talk in the universal lately. Public interest groups have been actively protesting against GM foods for months. In response to the up s healthfuling of public concern, the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have held meetings to solicit public opinions and, begin the process of establishing a new regulatory procedure for government approval of GM foods. I would like to research and maybe, explain the reasons wherefore I feel that GM foods atomic number 18 non humanitys solution to our food pulmonary tuberculosis problem. What atomic number 18 Genetically Modified Foods?Genetically change foods argon foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a foods genetic structure than previously af forded by methods such as selective reproduction and mutation breeding (Wikapedia. com). To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil.These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed, although as of November 2013 no(prenominal) are currently on the grocery. There are many reasons to not be a fan of GM foods but, before I explain the reasons not to pull down GM foods, let me tell you some reasons why scientists and so-called, experts, are pushing to have developers and, manufacturers of GM foods make sure, that they are various advantages of consuming these foods, as well as, persuade the public to purchase these products.Are there advantages to GM Foods? One advantage to GM foods is that they help to control certain diseases that can fix bulk to have an allergic r eply to certain foods. With GM foods the DNA system is modified to eliminate the properties causing these allergies (http//www. buzzle. com/articles/genetically-modified-foods-pros-and-cons. html). Another advantage to GM foods is that they are said to be high in nutrients and contain more vitamins than traditionally grown food. They also claim to have a longer shelf manners than traditionally grown food, which means less waste.Now that we have heard why developers, manufacturers, and scientists want GM foods massively produced, lets hear about some of the reasons why most of the population is not so accepting. Threats The biggest threat caused by genetically modified foods is that they can have harmful effects on the body (http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php). It is believed that custom of these foods can cause the development of diseases which are immune to antibiotics. According to experts, people who consume these foods have high chances of developing canc er (http//www. csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php). Because these are new inventions on food, theres not much known about the long-run effects that genetically modified foods lead have on humans. Foodstuffs made of genetically modified crops that are currently available (mainly maize, soybean, and oilseed rape) have been judged safe to eat, and the methods used to test them have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the International Council for Science (ICSU) and are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO).However, the lack of evidence of negative effects does not mean that new genetically modified foods are without risk. The surmisal of long-term effects from genetically modified plants cannot be excluded and must be examined on a case-by-case basis. New techniques are being developed to hide concerns, such as the possibility of the unintended transfer of antibiotic-resistanc e genes. Earlier, I mentioned an advantage to GM foods that allows them to be modified to eliminate properties within certain foods, so that people do not have an allergic reaction to them.My question is, what in the world makes these developers think that we want to eat anything that has been modified? Not to mention, knowing that the long-term effects are not certain if I consume one of these products. Thats not comfortably sitting on my stomach Response These developers and, manufacturers claim that GM foods contain more vitamins and nutrients, along with a longer shelf life than traditional foods. The way the public sees it is the genetically modified anything, cannot be better for you than the historical thing.Throughout my research, I have found that most of societys response to GM foods is, why fix something thats not broken? Most of society throws criticisms towards genetically modified foods, criticizing agribusinesses for pursuing profit without concern for potential haza rds, and the government for failing to exercise adequate regulatory oversight (http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php). Concerns The most concerns about genetically modified foods waterfall into three categories environmental hazards, human health risks, and economic concern.Environmental hazards are causes of unintended harm to other organisms. For example the pollen blown around by the twist off of a GM plant, stands a chance of becoming involved with the milkweed plants that often grow near these crop fields. The concern is for the monarch butterfly, monarch butterflies eat milkweed plants and, if the butterflies eat the milkweed plant with the pollen from the GM plant on it, the butterflies then stand a chance of dying if they come in contact with this pollen. This could create a huge problem for the monarch butterflies extinction rate.Human health risks contain allergencity, which are allergies to things like peanuts and other foods. The possibility calm do wn remains that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen that will cause someone to have an allergic reaction and, they could possibly die from that. Economic concern is the most talked about category out of all three. Things like, putting farmers out of business and bringing this product to the market is a costly process, as well as the tech companies wishing to turn a profit on their investment. Consumer advocates are worried that patenting new plants will raise the price of seed.When the prices of seed goes up, the farmers in third world countries cannot afford to purchase the seeds each year. No seeds means no crops for the farmers, no crops means no money. Conclusion Consumers may wish to select conventional foods on the basis of several criteria such as methods of production (e. g. organic or fair-trade food), religious principles (e. g. clean food), or the presence of known allergens (e. g. groundnuts). Labeling of foods as genetically modified or non-geneti cally modified may enable consumer choice as to the process by which the food is produced.However, it conveys no information as to the content of the foods, and what risks or benefits may be associated with particular foods. More informative food labeling, explaining how food has been transformed and what the resulting changes in food composition are, could enable consumers to assess these risks and benefits (http//www. greenfacts. org). Genetically modified foods is a big deal in todays society, many people have a very soaked opinion about GM foods. Many people are also unaware of what a genetically modified food is. Most people consume genetically modified foods on a daily bases and do not even realize it.Nor is the government obligated to inform you that you are consuming genetically modified foods. Throughout my research, I have found out why I feel that GM foods are not humanitys solution to our food consumption problem. Throughout my argument, I have tried to explain the good and, the bad things associated with genetically modified foods. I have come to the conclusion that genetically modified foods are not for me or my family. There are too many health issues and, risks that I am not willing to take because my familys health may lay in the balance.ReferencesKartha, D. , Cheap Non-GMO Food Supply (2012) Retrieved from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/genetically-modified-foods-pros-and-cons. html. Whitman, D. Genetically Modified Foods Harmful or Helpful? (2000) Retrieved from http//www. csa. com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview. php. Bottemiller, H. , Vilsack Calls for a Truce in GE Crops Fight. (2010) Retrived from http//www. foodsafetynews. com/2010. make under the authority of the GreenFacts Scientific Board at (http//www. greenfacts. org). Definition of Genetically Modified Foods, (2000). Wikapedia. com.

Meaning of supervision and my professional life Essay Example for Free

Meaning of lapse and my professional life EssayInstructional Supervision Instructional management is a very important concept which must be understood by all educators for the sake of achieving their teaching objectives. For this case, the process of instructional direction must be applied for the sake of delivering effective instructions to the students. Supervision of instruction for example in England began as an external inspection where some people were appointed to go around the enlighten to observe what the students were learning and what the teachers were teaching the students. The main aim of these executive programs was to ensure that the set curriculum was being followed and the students were actually being taught. On the ano(prenominal)her(prenominal) hand, in United States, supervision began in 1830s after the formation of common schools. Initially, supervision in schools was undertaken by superin functionents after the formation of city school strategy due to increased population in major cities. Later on, the role of supervision by superintendents became impossible as the number of schools increased. The role of supervision had to be delegated to the principal to oversee that the teachers we following the curriculum in their teaching.In order to promote growth of teachers and recognizing practice of executive programs date restrain, Sergiovanni and Starratt (1998), suggested that a supervisory system be created that would contain a number of processes of supervision even summative evaluation. The system was not to involve direct formal supervision every class for every teacher. This system was to evaluate the teachers within a period of common chord to five years. In this cordial of evaluation, the teachers were to receive a variety of evaluation during the three or five years and finally be evaluated formally only once.Professional growth evidence is required during once-a-cycle formal evaluation. The shit of supervision was as well as attempted to be opened at international involvement by Sergiovanni and Starratt. In a school setting, the principal has the boilersuit office of supervision of the solid school. For this case, he supervises, teachers, students and all the other staff working in the school that involve librarian, gardeners, drivers, cleaners etc. The supervision role is not an easy delegate especially of teachers and for this case, the principal has to carry out the exercise with intelligent and diplomacy.The teachers of course knows their role and they would feel not motivate if they see they be being administer want factory workers. This would in turn kill their morale at work and finally they would not deliver the required knowledge to the students and the end takings would mean that the teaching objectives will not be achieved. The principal on the other hand has a responsibility of supervising the work of the students and together with their behaviors. Students tend to acquire d eviant behaviors from other students like smoking and unless this behavior is corrected at an early stage, the student will not concentrate in his learning.In some situation, the supervision of students gets out of hand as they tend to have acquired more serious behaviors such as carrying of weapons and may be killing of their lad students. For this case, this becomes criminal offence and is not likely to be handled the principal. Principal should be very strict when it comes to discipline for the sake of ensuring that education objectives argon achieved. Since the students argon in a crucial stage of adolescent stage where influence of behavior is at high level hence their behaviors should supervised keenly.According to Glickman (1990), there are a number of supervisory salutees within clinical supervision structure. He developed a supervision model that provides theoretical framework that with four supervision burn downes that would be found in supervision concept. These approa ches are similar in the intended end goal but they differ differs slightly in the situation and control that is accorded to the teacher. The four approaches are a follow The first supervision approach is the nondirective supervision whereby the teacher has the freedom of formulating his own be after on the succeeding(a) development.In such a situation, the supervisor is there to give advice to the teacher when he comes up with his own desires on the way forward. This kind of approach thus motivates the teaching staff members as they feel they are in control with their undertakings. For this case it should be encourage at situations where the teachers are experienced in their work and they can work with little or no supervision. (Glickman, 1990) The other supervision approach is collaborative supervision. In this approach, the teacher and the supervisor do share imagination ahead the supervisor carrys decision on whatever decision he wants to make.This approach too is a good one also as the teachers feels make as they are consulted before any decision can be arrived at. For this case, the teachers contribute their ideas and the supervisor weighs various options before settling on the best idea that has been contributed by the teachers. By merely brainstorming of ideas, the approach is of much help for the sake of choosing the best approach to be used. For this case, this kind of approach should be boost at situation where teachers involved are experienced in their work. The third supervision approach is the directive informational approach.In this situation, the supervisor formulates the supervisor plan and it is the responsibility of the teacher to decide if he is going to follow the plan. In this kind of an approach, the teachers are not make with it as they feel they are not consulted before a decision is being made in their work. Although some of the approach since it consumes less time before it is formulated, majority of them especially the exp erienced ones feels that some ideas which are better are overlooked. In this kind of approach, the teachers are addicted an opportunity to follow or not to follow the approach directives.However, the approach is appropriate broadly to teacher who are not experienced or the novice teachers. Lastly is the directive control approach in which the teacher formulates the supervisory plan and expects are the teacher to follow it. For this case, the teachers have no alternative on whether to have another idea. They have to follow the supervisory plan that has been formulated by their supervisor. This approach however does not motivate the teachers as they are not given an opportunity to contribute their ideas toward formulation of a supervisory plan. For this case, they have to follow the directives as formulated by their supervisor.This approach is popular where the teachers being supervised are less experiences of novice. It is also very appropriate in situations whereby there is not ti me to gather in a meeting and brainstorm on the way forward as far as supervisory plan is concerned. Before the supervisor can know on which approach he should use, he should consider knowledge and experience of the teachers concerned before settling on the supervisory approach plan to use. The issue of responsibility and accountability should also be looked into in order to decide on the approach to use for the sake of at to the lowest degree motivate the teacher in their work.Motivation is the inner drive to do something, and unless the teachers have that inner drive to deliver knowledge to their students, teaching objectives might neer be achieved Glickman (1990) asserts that collaborative approach is very popular among the teachers and they really enjoy their work if used. For this case, school principal should at least ensure they use this kind of an approach when they are formulating their supervisory plan to be applied in their school. There are three supervisor responsibil ities that should be considered in the supervision process. They include? The Supervisor to carry our observations to both the teachers and students. ? The supervisor to give guidance and support to teachers and students. ? Lastly is for the supervisor to give feedback to the teachers. According to Knoll (1987), the information that a supervisor gather after carrying out a classroom observation is very important. He is able to have an access to a wide range of skills needful for teaching which he can in turn share it with other teachers. The main aim of carrying out a classroom observation is to collect information that is necessary for carrying out an evaluative rating which is accurate.As far as supervision is concerned, guidance and support should be the main idea of supervision in the first place. Supervision is not done just to see whether teachers are following the curriculum or not and then note that one down, no. One should continuously offer guidance and support as he sup ervises. For this case, the supervisors are urged to make correction on the spot while carrying out their supervision roles in order for them to achieve their objectives. In order for teachers to improve on their areas of teaching, the supervisor must ensure that he gives feedback to them on the areas he has observed that would like to be improved.There would be no need of supervision if the teachers are not given the feedback as it is this feedback that they will know what areas they need to improve in while carrying out their duties. There is very big difference between evaluation and supervision though the two terms interrelates. Evaluation is the art of qualification judgment about the performance of a teacher. On the other hand, supervision is mere the art of ensuring that the teachers are following the laid down rules and regulation in their work. Evaluation comes after one has carried out an observation on the teachers.Appendix Literature Review Instructional supervision imp roves teaching performance if it is carried out in the manner that is desired by teacher. If the collaborative supervision approach is used according to Knoll (1987) is used, the teachers will be motivated in their work and the overall performance of the school will be felt. In his book Supervision for better instruction Practical techniques for meliorate staff performance, Knoll (1987) asserts that teachers are motivated in their work of teaching when collaborative supervisory plan approach is applied in their supervision.Pfeiffer and Dunlap (1982) in their book Supervision of teachers A guide to improving instruction asserts that teachers need to be motivated in their work for the sake of achieving their teaching objectives. Motivation can only be achieved if the supervisors uses collaborative supervisory plan in their work. On the other hand, Rettig (2000) in his journal Leslies lament How can I make teachers supervision meaningful? asserts that unless guidance and support i s given to teacher, there is no need of supervision in the first place.He further states that teachers should be given a feedback after they have been successfully evaluated by their supervisor in order for them to improve in their teaching. He concludes that teachers supervision will be meaningful after the guidance, support and feedback is given to teachers by their supervisors.References Bourisaw, D. M. (1988) anticipatory set bias Effects on teacher observation in Evaluation Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Iowa State University, Ames Glickman, C. D. (1990) Supervision of instruction A developmental approach, 2nd EdnBoston, MA Allyn Bacon. Knoll, M. K. (1987) Supervision for better instruction Practical techniques for Improving staff performance Englewood Clif, NJ Prentice Hall. Odell, S. J. (1986) Induction support of new teachers A functional approach. Journal of Teacher Education, 37(1), 26-29 Pfeiffer, I. L. , Dunlap, J. B. (1982) Supervision of teachers A guide to impr oving instruction Phoenix, AZ Oryx Press. Rettig, P. R. (2000) Leslies lament How can I make teachers supervision meaningful? Educational Horizons, 79(1), 33-37.Sergiovanni, T. J. (1982) Toward a Theory of Supervisory Practice Integrating the Scientific, Clinical, and Artistic Views. In Supervision of Teaching, ed. Thomas J. Sergiovanni. Alexandria, VA Association of Supervision and syllabus Development Sergiovanni, T. J. and Starratt, R. J. (1998) Supervision A Redefinition, 6th edition. New York McGraw-Hill. Shantz, D. , Ward, T. (2000) Feedback, conservation and power in the field experience of preservice teachers. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 27 (4), 288-294.